Which process involves the breakdown of ATP to release energy?

The process that involves the breakdown of ATP to release energy is respiration. In cellular respiration, organic molecules such as glucose are metabolized to produce ATP, which serves as the primary energy currency of the cell. During this process, ATP can be hydrolyzed—where a phosphate group is removed—resulting in adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a free inorganic phosphate. This reaction releases energy that can be harnessed for various cellular activities, including muscle contraction, biosynthesis, and active transport.

Respiration encompasses both aerobic and anaerobic pathways, where the general aim is to convert energy stored in nutrients into ATP. In aerobic respiration, for instance, glucose is fully oxidized in the presence of oxygen to produce a greater yield of ATP. This breakdown of ATP is integral to the process because it provides the necessary energy for cells to carry out vital functions.

In contrast, photosynthesis involves the capture of light energy to produce glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water, rather than breaking down ATP. Fermentation is an anaerobic process that also generates ATP, but it does so without oxygen and not by the direct breakdown of pre-existing ATP. Transpiration refers to the movement of water through plants and its evaporation from aerial parts